Categorías de análisis en los resultados en salud sensibles a la práctica enfermera en salud mental / Analysis categories in patient health outcomes in psychiatric mental health nursing

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[Evolution and status of the community model of mental health care. SESPAS Report 2020]. / Evolución y estado del modelo comunitario de atención a la salud mental. Informe SESPAS 2020.

The legislative and ideological transition produced in recent years in Spain has favoured the implementation of the community model of mental health care. However, there is still strong resistance to the inclusion of community approaches in the care of people with mental health problems and to the implementation of integrated care and attention with a salutogenic approach. The purpose of the following report is to describe the evolution of the community model of mental health care in the Spanish National Health System and to assess its current status. Initially, a review of the published national mental health plans and strategies was carried out. Subsequently, the evaluation was carried out taking as reference the Consensus Document on the Fundamental Principles and Key Elements of Community Mental Health, which establishes the criteria for evaluating the quality of community care. In the absence of updated plans or strategies, international reports and recommendations were included. The results were grouped into: 1) social perspective, where the controversy about the capacity of the users to make decisions despite the recognition of their rights as autonomous moral agents is evident; 2) perspective of the centrality of the users of mental health care services, where the resistance to the implementation of integrated community care and attention is expressed; and 3) professional perspective in relation to the effectiveness of the interventions and the community network of care principles, which highlights the need to transform the institutions to carry out community interventions in mental health based on evidence and in an intersectoral, comprehensive, integrated and integrating manner.

Evolución y estado del modelo comunitario de atención a la salud mental. Informe SESPAS 2020 / Evolution and status of the community model of mental health care. SESPAS Report 2020

La transición legislativa e ideológica producida en los últimos años en España ha favorecido el desarrollo del modelo comunitario de atención a la salud mental. No obstante, aún persiste una fuerte resistencia a la inclusión de abordajes comunitarios en la atención de las personas con problemas de salud mental y a la implementación de una atención y unos cuidados integrados de enfoque salutogénico. El propósito del siguiente artículo es describir la evolución del modelo comunitario de atención a la salud mental en el sistema nacional de salud español y evaluar su estado actual. Inicialmente se realizó una revisión de los planes y estrategias de salud mental nacional publicados y luego se evaluaron tomando como referencia el Documento de consenso sobre los principios fundamentales y elementos clave de la salud mental comunitaria, que establece los criterios de valoración de la calidad de la atención comunitaria. Ante la falta de planes o estrategias actualizados, se incluyeron informes y recomendaciones internacionales. Los resultados se agruparon en: 1) perspectiva social, en la que se evidencia la controversia sobre la capacidad de las personas usuarias para tomar decisiones a pesar del reconocimiento de sus derechos como agentes morales autónomos; 2) perspectiva de la centralidad de las personas usuarias de los servicios de atención a la salud mental, en la que se plasma la resistencia a la implementación de una atención y unos cuidados comunitarios integrados; y 3) perspectiva profesional en relación con la efectividad de las intervenciones y la red comunitaria de principios de atención, que señala la necesidad de transformar las instituciones para realizar intervenciones comunitarias en salud mental basadas en la evidencia y de manera intersectorial, integral, integrada e integradora

The legislative and ideological transition produced in recent years in Spain has favoured the implementation of the community model of mental health care. However, there is still strong resistance to the inclusion of community approaches in the care of people with mental health problems and to the implementation of integrated care and attention with a salutogenic approach. The purpose of the following report is to describe the evolution of the community model of mental health care in the Spanish National Health System and to assess its current status. Initially, a review of the published national mental health plans and strategies was carried out. Subsequently, the evaluation was carried out taking as reference the Consensus Document on the Fundamental Principles and Key Elements of Community Mental Health, which establishes the criteria for evaluating the quality of community care. In the absence of updated plans or strategies, international reports and recommendations were included. The results were grouped into: 1) social perspective, where the controversy about the capacity of the users to make decisions despite the recognition of their rights as autonomous moral agents is evident; 2) perspective of the centrality of the users of mental health care services, where the resistance to the implementation of integrated community care and attention is expressed; and 3) professional perspective in relation to the effectiveness of the interventions and the community network of care principles, which highlights the need to transform the institutions to carry out community interventions in mental health based on evidence and in an intersectoral, comprehensive, integrated and integrating manner

Competencia personal y social. Las habilidades sociales / Personal and social competence. Social skills

La competencia personal y social está constituida por un conjunto de conductas, capacidades y estrategias, que permiten a la persona construir su propia identidad, actuar competentemente, relacionarse satisfactoriamente con otras personas, afrontar los retos y las dificultades de la vida y valorarse a sí mismo, pudiendo de este modo adaptarse a su medio, obtener un bienestar personal e interpersonal y vivir una vida más plena y satisfactoria. El desarrollo de estas competencias requiere de especial atención al día de hoy, debido a las fuertes transformaciones sociológicas producidas por el hondo impacto que los medios tecnológicos de la comunicación han ocasionado en la vida cotidiana, al reducir drásticamente el número de interacciones interpersonales diarias "cara a cara", así como a que, muchas veces, las competencias personales y sociales, se sitúan por debajo de las habilidades cognitivas, poniendo en evidencia cómo los aprendizajes se centran en los aspectos intelectuales y el éxito académico, olvidando el bienestar personal y los aspectos socioemocionales. El desarrollo de una adecuada competencia social es necesario para adaptarse en lo personal y social de la vida adulta; de lo contrario se produce una inhabilidad interpersonal que puede llegar a tener consecuencias negativas para la persona (baja aceptación, rechazo o aislamiento social, problemas emocionales, desajustes psicológicos, etc.)

Personal and social competence is made up of a set of conducts, abilities and strategies, allowing a person to build up his/her own identity, to act competently, to satisfactorily relate to others, to face challenges and the difficulties of life and to conduct a self-assessment, thereby adapting to his/her surroundings, obtaining personal and interpersonal wellbeing and living a full and satisfactory life. How these competences are developed is of particular importance today, due to the huge sociological transformations triggered by the deep impact of technological media resources on day-to-day life, which have drastically reduced the number of daily "face-to-face" interpersonal interactions; furthermore, very often, personal and social competences are ranked below cognitive skills, thus evidencing how learning focuses on intellectual aspects and academic success, overlooking personal wellbeing and socioemotional aspects. Development of adequate social competence is necessary in order to adjust to adult life in personal and social matters; otherwise, interpersonal inability arises, which may eventually have negative consequences for a person (low acceptance, rejection or social isolation, emotional issues, psychological disorders, etc.)

Arquitectura hospitalaria y cuidados durante los siglos XV al XIX / Arquitetura de hospital e cuidados durante a XV ao Século XIX / Hospital architecture and care during the 15th to the 19th Centuries

El presente texto pretende ofrecer un acercamiento a la arquitectura para la curación y el cuidado, revisando los diferentes modelos arquitectónicos, que desde el siglo XV se han venido desarrollando a lo largo de la Historia de la Humanidad para poder dar una respuesta a las necesidades de salud que se han originado hasta llegar a los nuevos ejemplos que surgen tras los descubrimientos científicos propios del siglo XIX, produciéndose un giro importante en la concepción del edificio hospitalario. El breve recorrido por la arquitectura hospitalaria, que se centra en el panorama europeo, además aborda la importancia que presentó en su momento, y que nos ha llegado hasta la actualidad, la figura de Florence Nightingale, tanto en el entorno anglosajón, como en el resto del planeta (AU)

This text aims to offer an approach to architecture for healing and care, reviewing the different architectural models, since the fifteenth century have been developed throughout the history of humanity to respond to the needs of health have sprung up to the new examples that arise after their own scientific discoveries of the nineteenth century, a shift in the conception of the hospital building. The brief tour of the hospital architecture, which focuses on the European scene also addresses the importance presented at the time, and has survived until today, the figure of Florence Nightingale, in the Anglo-Saxon environment, such as the rest of the planet (AU)

Este texto destina-se a fornecer uma abordagem de arquitetura para a cura e cuidado, analisando diferentes modelos arquitectónicos, desde o século XV foram desenvolvido ao longo da história da humanidade para dar uma resposta às necessidades de saúde originadas até chegar os novos exemplos que surgem após as descobertas científicas do século XIX produzindo uma mudança significativa na concepção do edifício hospitalar. A breve turnê da arquitetura do hospital, que concentra-se na cena europeia, também aborda a importância que apresentou no momento, e que nos chegou até agora, a figura de Florence Nightingale, o ambiente de anglo-saxão, ambos no resto do planeta (AU)